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• Abstract:

Critical emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, have risen to the forefront of the global political agenda amid intensifying technological competition and the inauguration of the second Trump administration. Consequently, the strategic importance of science and technology diplomacy has increased and this study attempts to explain the intersection of science, technology, and diplomacy through the core concepts of international politics, namely national interest and power, based on a review of existing concepts related to “science diplomacy.” As represented by Hans Morgenthau from the perspective of classical realism, together with science and technology studies, science and technology are not only sources of power but also key factors that can reinforce traditional elements of power, such as political, military, and economic, and shape structural changes in the international order. In this context, science and technology diplomacy provides theoretical insights and practical implications for elaborating the foreign policy strategies of middle-power countries, such as the Republic of Korea.